Ayurveda and Modern Biomedical Science

Background: Ayurveda’s classical framework, preserved in the Carakasaṃhitā, Suśrutasaṃhitā, and Aṣṭāṅgahṛdaya, organizes health around regulatory balance, constitutional individuality, digestive-metabolic transformation, bodily channels, rejuvenation, and disciplined daily living. Recent biomedical literature has increasingly examined whether these constructs can be translated into testable models relevant to systems biology, precision medicine, immunology, metabolism, microbiome science, and circadian health. 4Objective: To critically evaluate how key Ayurvedic concepts—tridoṣa, prakṛti, agni, srotas, rasāyana, and dinacaryā—can be mapped to modern biomedical constructs without collapsing their original epistemic context, and to assess the strength, limits, and translational value of current evidence.Methods: A structured integrative review was designed for manuscript development. Searches were conducted through May 31, 2026, using PubMed/MEDLINE and PubMed Central for peer-reviewed biomedical literature; WHO publications and WHO IRIS for policy and regulatory documents; and official digital repositories of classical Ayurveda texts for primary Sanskrit sources. The biomedical review focused on studies from 2000–2026, while classical sources were examined without date restriction. Eligible materials included primary studies, systematic reviews, narrative reviews with methodological value, mechanistic studies, and official regulatory documents.Results: The review found the strongest contemporary bridges in prakṛti-omics research, including genomic and pharmacogenomic associations; in agni research linked to digestion, immunometabolism, and the gut microbiome; in rasāyana research linked to immunomodulation, telomerase activity, mitochondrial health, and aging biology; and in dinacaryā as a behavioral precursor of circadian medicine. Clinical evidence suggests benefit from Ayurvedic or Ayurveda-informed multimodal interventions in knee osteoarthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis, but systematic reviews continue to note substantial heterogeneity, difficult blinding, modest sample sizes, and inconsistent standardization. 5Conclusion: Ayurveda can contribute a hypothesis-rich, person-centered, preventive, and systems-oriented vocabulary to biomedical inquiry, especially in chronic disease, healthy aging, rehabilitation, and lifestyle medicine. However, the most defensible path forward is not simplistic equivalence but methodologically rigorous translation supported by standardized phenotyping, omics integration, pragmatic whole-system trials, pharmacovigilance, and stronger regulatory oversight. 6