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June 4, 2026Prosthesis0 citationsOpen Access

Intermediate and Multi-Unit Abutments in Implant-Supported Restorations: When, Why, and How to Use Them, a Narrative Review

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SCSaverio CosolaECElena CalciolariMAMohammadreza Asadi

Key Points

  • This review assesses the critical role of multi-unit abutments in implant dentistry, focusing on their mechanical and biological implications.
  • Literature search conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for clinical and experimental studies over 20 years.
  • Identified studies highlighting mechanical complications and biological integration at the implant-abutment interface.
  • Dental implants exhibit over 95% survival rates; however, complications due to the implant-abutment interface can reach 35%.
  • Utilizing conical connections and following evidence-based protocols may reduce mechanical issues, particularly screw loosening.
  • Multi-unit abutments with adequate transmucosal height support stable supracrestal tissue and help maintain marginal bone.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This narrative review aimed to critically assess the role of multi-unit abutments in implant dentistry, focusing on mechanical reliability and biological stability at the implant–abutment interface. Methods: A literature search was performed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar to identify clinical studies and experimental research from the past 20 years addressing implant–abutment connections, mechanical complications and biological integration of multi-unit abutments. Results: Dental implants demonstrate survival rates above 95%, yet complications, up to 35%, are primarily linked to the implant–abutment interface. Mechanical issues, especially screw loosening, may be mitigated with conical connections and adherence to evidence-based protocols. Biologically, multi-unit abutments with sufficient transmucosal height contribute to stable supracrestal tissue and preservation of marginal bone. Advances such as nanostructured surfaces and the concept of mucointegration represent a shift toward biologically active interfaces, enhancing peri-implant soft tissue health. Conclusions: Multi-unit abutments have evolved from simple angulation-correction tools to essential components across a wide range of clinical applications. Their success relies on strategic, protocol-driven use that integrates mechanical strength with biological harmony, enabling potentially favorable outcomes in modern implant dentistry, particularly in well-selected clinical scenarios.

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Cite This Study

Cosola et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a211852d499ed480b170f7fhttps://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis8060055
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