From gut microbiota metabolism to microvascular injury: Exploring the role and mechanisms of gut microbiota in obesity-induced coronary microcirculation dysfunction

S deficiency and elevated succinate exacerbate remodeling. The gut-heart axis amplifies CMD risk beyond traditional factors. Future multi-omics studies should identify biomarkers and develop targeted therapies, such as metabolite inhibitors and precision nutrition, to mitigate obesity-related CMD and improve outcomes. The Graphical Abstract is presented in Figure 1.Figure: see text.