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learners, with a focus on its potential to significantly enhance teaching effectiveness and improve learning outcomes. It meticulously defines ESL and elucidates its fundamental principles, underlining the imperative of providing comprehensible language input, fostering interactivity, contextualization, and personalization. By delving into four pivotal aspects, namely provision of intelligent teaching resources, automated assessment and feedback mechanisms, real-time interaction platforms, and support for self-directed learning, this paper showcases how AI-driven technologies can adeptly customize learning experiences to suit individual learner requirements. Furthermore, it expounds on the challenges and considerations entailed in this integration, encompassing ethical, privacy, and equity concerns, while also delineating future prospects for personalized learning and lifelong learning support. This comprehensive examination underscores AI’s potential to revolutionize language education for Mandarin-speaking learners, creating a more personalized, interactive, and effective learning environment.
Ma Tian (2024) studied this question.