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Recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have identified a population of massive galaxy sources (Formula: see text) at Formula: see text–10, formed less than 700Formula: see textMyr after the Big Bang. Such massive galaxies do not have enough time to form within the standard cosmological model, and hence these observations pose a significant challenge. A number of possible solutions to this problem have been put forward. In this essay, we discuss two more theoretical and speculative possibilities.
A. A. Coley (2024) studied this question.