We estimate the causal impact of a high-frequency bus upgrade on neighborhood labor-market outcomes using the August 2019 launch of Pace’s Pulse Milwaukee Line in the Chicago region. We use public data-Pace GTFS schedules (stops/headways), ACS tract-level socioeconomic measures, and LEHD/LODES workplace counts. Using this database, we build a tract-level panel combining annual workplace employment outcomes with multi-year household outcomes, and then we implement a transparent difference-in-differences design that compares tracts within 0.5 miles of new Pulse stops to a 0.5–2 mile control ring before and after service begins. We find no detectable short-run effects, but we estimate a positive and economically sizable increase in workplace jobs per resident (0.066;≈14% of the pre-treatment mean). Under conventional tract-clustered inference, this estimate is marginal (p = 0.073); thus, we interpret it as suggestive rather than definitive evidence. Our results are highly robust. Event-study estimates show flat pre-trends and post-treatment gains persisting into years +1 and +2; our placebo corridors yield null effects; and our buffer-width tests show monotonic strengthening. Finally, our population-weighted estimates remain positive, though smaller. To conclude, the results suggest that frequency improvements can reallocate jobs toward upgraded corridors even when resident employment and incomes do not move immediately. Our results may highlight a likely sequencing of impacts and the potential need for complementary land-use and workforce policies to translate accessibility gains into household-level benefits.
Noorizadehsalout et al. (2026) studied this question.