Preserving the past beneath the waves: a systematic review and critical analysis of smart marine technologies

Purpose Focusing on the intersection of technology and underwater cultural heritage (UCH), this article aims to evaluate how advanced tools such as autonomous sensor networks, augmented reality and simulations safeguard submerged archaeological sites. By systematically assessing recent peer-reviewed literature, it identifies current practices, examines barriers and enablers and clarifies stakeholder attitudes toward adopting these innovations. The goal is to inform improved strategies, highlight research gaps and encourage interdisciplinary collaboration, thereby fostering more robust and sustainable methods for preserving our shared underwater past. Overall, the review underlines the evolving significance of smart marine technologies in advancing UCH conservation. Design/methodology/approach Employing the PRISMA framework, this study conducted a systematic literature review of peer-reviewed articles published from 2014 onward. Searches in Scopus, EBSCO and ProQuest databases used specific terms related to underwater archaeology and smart marine technologies. Inclusion criteria centered on empirical and case studies addressing technological adoption, stakeholder perceptions and preservation strategies. A two-phase screening process – initial abstract/title evaluation followed by full-text assessment – ensured methodological rigor, aided by CASP for quality appraisal. The final dataset of 48 studies underwent descriptive and objective-focused analyses, providing comprehensive insights into technological innovations, policy implications and stakeholder engagement for underwater heritage preservation. Findings The review highlights a growing adoption of autonomous vehicles, AI-driven data processing and immersive digital modelling for UCH. Most studies originate in the Mediterranean region, reflecting a convergence of funding and dense submerged sites. Operational challenges include sensor malfunctions in turbid waters and high costs, while regulatory inconsistencies hamper cross-border data sharing. AI-enabled data processing and robust sensor development offer promising solutions. Stakeholder attitudes vary, with archaeologists cautious about virtual reconstructions, and policymakers generally supportive. Overall, these technologies improve documentation, predictive conservation and public engagement, marking a pivotal shift toward more sustainable underwater heritage practices. Research limitations/implications This review is constrained by its focus on English-language peer-reviewed publications from 2014 onward, potentially omitting earlier or non-English research. Geographic concentration on Mediterranean sites may leave other regions underrepresented. Variable methodological consistency across studies also limits direct comparisons. Nevertheless, the synthesis reveals that refining sensor resilience, standardizing data sharing and addressing regulatory disparities are critical for effective global implementation. Future studies should include broader linguistic coverage, longitudinal evaluations and more diverse geographic contexts. This will clarify how advanced sensor networks, AI algorithms and immersive tools can be adapted to different underwater conditions and stakeholder priorities. Practical implications Findings guide practitioners in choosing and integrating robust technologies for sustainable underwater heritage preservation. Equipped with advanced sensor networks, autonomous vehicles and AI-based analytics, teams can enhance baseline documentation and real-time monitoring. Policymakers and funding bodies may use these insights to harmonize regulations and support cost-effective, scalable deployments. Collaboration among archaeologists, technologists and local communities ensures that technical solutions align with cultural sensitivities and operational realities. Ultimately, these strategies help institutions optimize resource allocation, safeguard submerged sites and foster public engagement. Implementing best practices derived from this review can strengthen overall efficacy and adoption of smart marine technologies. Social implications Integrating immersive technologies with community-driven initiatives can boost public awareness and appreciation for underwater heritage, stimulating local economies via tourism and education. Virtual reconstructions of submerged sites expand inclusive, remote access and spur wider interest in cultural preservation. Nevertheless, equitable distribution of any socioeconomic benefits is a concern, as communities increasingly seek a meaningful role in decision-making and tangible rewards. Addressing these expectations can enhance cultural identity, social cohesion and responsible stewardship of shared heritage. Ultimately, these approaches encourage broader social engagement, ensuring that advanced technologies contribute positively to both local communities and the preservation of submerged heritage. Originality/value This review provides a distinctive synthesis by systematically mapping the technological landscape in underwater archaeology while incorporating stakeholder concerns. Unlike studies focused on single technologies or narrow regions, it holistically assesses diverse innovations, site types and policy dynamics. The findings highlight overlooked areas such as the underuse of IoUT and challenges posed by harsh underwater conditions. By revealing interdependencies among technical solutions, regulations and community perspectives, the paper offers new insights that can inform more effective, inclusive and forward-looking preservation strategies. This comprehensive approach thus advances both academic understanding and practical implementation in UCH conservation.