Determinant Factors of Depressive Disorder in Spain: A Comprehensive Analysis of the European Health Interview Survey

Background: Mental health is shaped by a complex interplay of social, demographic, and behavioral factors. Understanding these determinants is essential for designing effective public health strategies. Aims: This study aims to identify and quantify the main social, health-related, and lifestyle determinants of depressive disorder in the adult Spanish population. Method: Data from the European Health Interview Survey in Spain were analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model to examine the likelihood of experiencing depressive disorder. A stepwise selection procedure was used to identify relevant predictors. The model’s assumptions were verified and satisfied. Key variables included sociodemographic characteristics, physical and mental health conditions, and health-related behaviors. Results: Chronic conditions, anxiety, and sleeping pill use were identified as the strongest risk factors for depression. In contrast, older age, being married, higher education, independence in daily activities, and normal body weight were associated with a lower risk of depressive disorder. Both risk and protective factors highlight the multifactorial nature of depression in Spain. Conclusions: Depression in Spain is shaped by a complex set of social, health, and behavioral determinants. These findings support the need for targeted mental health screening, awareness campaigns, and evidence-based interventions to improve mental health outcomes in the Spanish population. JEL Codes: C25, C81, I10, I12, I18