FEATHER PECKING – (technology derived) behavioral disorder in laying hens stocks

Feather pecking (FP) and feather eating, is one of the most common behavioral disorders in flocks of laying hens. At best, it leads to thermoregulatory disorders in birds due to significant plumage deficiencies, more advanced to injury, pain and even cannibalism in the flock. It is often difficult to indicate a specific reason for the occurrence of feather pecking due to the polyetiological nature of this phenomenon. It can result from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors, such as the lack of optimal rearing conditions (here, among others: stocking density, composition and form of feed, foraging opportunities, etc.). FP is subject to classification according to the targeting and severity of the pecking, and its consequences are always considered in the context of hens' welfare disorders, which contribute to the economics of their rearing. Due to the fact that FP can appear regardless of the birds' housing system, the scale of production and nowadays even the direction of use (utility type), it is important to develop methods that will prevent its occurrence or minimize its effects. The paper provides an overview of the various classifications of FP, its causes and consequences for animal welfare and farming economics. What’s being discussed is methods of reducing FP, including genetic selection, environmental enrichment through access to litter and paddocks, and nutritional modifications such as increasing the fiber content of feed. Particular attention was paid to the controversial practice of beak trimming, which, while effective in reducing aggression, raises ethical questions. It was emphasized that FP occurs in all farming systems, regardless of their intensity. The need for further research into methods to improve hen welfare and more effective strategies to prevent the problem was pointed out.