A critical review of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation for DNAPLs: residual morphology, governing factors, and removal mechanisms

Key Points

• Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation effectively addresses DNAPLs in subsurface environments, enhancing removal strategies.
• Key findings reveal surfactant concentration and residual morphology significantly influence removal mechanisms for DNAPLs.
• The review synthesizes various studies on governing factors impacting surfactant efficacy in aquifer remediation processes.
• Highlights the need for improved understanding of surfactant behavior in complex subsurface conditions for effective management.