Technological Maturity and Cost-Effectiveness of Medical AI: A Systematic Review of Health Economic Evaluations

Despite frequent claims of economic benefit, current HEEs of medical AI are constrained by limited reporting quality, risk of bias, and evaluations of immature technologies. Future HEEs should explicitly report technological maturity, incorporate full cost components, and employ rigorous methods. Robust evaluations conducted at higher readiness levels are also needed to generate reliable evidence for policy-making , reimbursement decisions, and responsible implementation.