Integrated phytochemical, pharmacokinetic, and molecular docking analysis reveals Ficus religiosa seed extract as a multi-target inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystallization in urolithiasis

Key Points

• Ficus religiosa seed extract significantly inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in urolithiasis, showing great promise as a therapeutic agent.
• Inhibitory effects were observed within the context of both the phytochemical composition and pharmacokinetics of the extract.
• Molecular docking analysis highlights multiple target interactions, suggesting that the extract can modulate several pathways involved in crystallization.
• Study findings imply that the extract may serve as an effective natural remedy in preventing and managing kidney stones.