A coupled train-track-subgrade dynamic framework integrating the continuous surface cap model for ballastless track damage analysis

Key Points

• Ballastless track damage analysis reveals significant insights into infrastructure resilience.
• The dynamic framework shows how surface cap models integrate to optimize track evaluation and maintenance.
• Assessment using a coupled train-track-subgrade model highlights the complex interactions affecting track stability.
• The findings suggest improvements for infrastructure integrity assessments, ensuring longevity and safety.