Landscape structure influences prey consumption and ecosystem services of Aplomado Falcons in agroecosystems of central Argentina

• Aplomado Falcon predates Eared Doves, supporting pest control in agroecosystems. • Tree stands increase granivorous bird prey, linking diet to landscape features. • Falcon diet study combines pellet analysis with prey abundance field surveys. • Raptors support sustainable agriculture by reducing reliance on chemical controls. • The Aplomado Falcon adjusts its diet to exploit resources in modified ecosystems. Agricultural expansion and land-use intensification have transformed Argentina’s Pampas region, leading to biodiversity declines and ecosystem imbalance. This study examines the Aplomado Falcon ( Falco femoralis ) as a potential biological pest controller in agroecosystems of central Argentina. We evaluated how landscape structure and prey availability influenced its diet, focusing on the consumption of granivorous birds like the Eared Dove ( Zenaida auriculata ), a significant agricultural pest. Using regurgitated pellets and prey remains from 60 nesting territories, we identified 83 prey species and assessed prey abundance in the field. Results show the falcon’s diet is dominated by birds, particularly Eared Doves, which constituted 94% of avian biomass consumed. Tree stands positively influenced the consumption of granivorous birds, while arthropod consumption declined in these areas. The study highlights the Aplomado Falcon’s role in pest control, demonstrating its adaptability to agroecosystem modifications. These findings emphasize the ecological and economic importance of raptors in supporting sustainable agriculture.