Ground failure mechanism for deep tunnel in sandy cobble strata based on the cohesive zone element

Key Points

• Ground failure mechanisms may critically impact tunnel safety in sandy cobble strata, emphasizing the need for better designs.
• The study highlights cohesive zone elements and their role in accurately modeling geotechnical behavior under stress.
• Utilizing advanced geotechnical analysis methods leads to comprehensive insights into ground failure phenomena.
• Improving understanding of ground failures may enhance engineering practices in tunnel construction, indicating better safety measures.