Inter-satellite link technologies and applications in Low Earth Orbit satellite networks

To support the objectives of next-generation networks, Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications have attracted significant attention. In large-scale LEO constellations, Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs) are crucial for satisfying a range of network requirements. This work provides a comprehensive overview of ISLs from three perspectives. First, we introduce the ISL communication technologies, with an emphasis on satellite constellations and laser-based ISLs. Next, we explore the role of ISLs in traffic delivery within satellite networks, focusing on topology control, traffic scheduling, and routing strategies. Finally, we highlight key applications of ISL-enabled network systems, including their integration with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).