Transcriptome RNA Sequencing Analysis Provides Novel Insights Into Reproduction and Gonadal Development in Grouper Fish

ABSTRACT Grouper fish (family Serranidae) are a group of fish with high ecological and economic value in the global fishing industry and is generally protogynous (from female to male). Sexual reversal process is a complex biological mechanism that involves remodeling the gonad, requiring simultaneous coordination among various genes and molecular pathways. Transcriptome analysis has become an important approach to understanding the basic mechanisms of various biological processes. As contained in this paper, data were synthesized from the findings of RNA‐seq‐based transcriptomic studies that reveal key genes and pathways, such as foxl2 , Cyp19a1a , DMRT1 , Sox9 , AMH , and the HPG axis in gonadal differentiation and sexual transition in grouper fish. Although most of the data are descriptive and come from the bulk RNA‐seq approach, these findings provide consistent molecular insights into the mechanisms of reproductive regulation. One of the approaches that is now widely used is RNA‐seq‐based transcriptome analysis through NGS technology. This technology enables the development of reproductive biomarkers, detailed gene expression analysis, sex selection strategies, identification of critical molecular pathways, identification of key genes, as well as gene‐based approaches to support cultivation and conservation efficiency. This review emphasizes the role of RNA‐seq as a fundamental tool in building the scientific foundation for the study of grouper fish reproduction, with possible implications including more effective reproductive management, improved breeding techniques, the implementation of genetic therapies, increasing aquaculture productivity, and species conservation and recovery.