Stigma, discrimination and associated determinants among people living with HIV/AIDS accessing Anti-Retroviral Therapy in Ikeja, Lagos state, Nigeria

Abstract Stigmatization and discrimination toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) continue to be significant hurdles to successful treatment and social integration, especially in Nigeria. These barriers have a negative impact on mental health, deter disclosure, and reduce access to healthcare. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, types, and causes of stigma and discrimination among PLWHA receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of 400 PLWHA on ART was done at three randomly chosen treatment centers. Structured questionnaires and the Berger HIV Stigma Scale were used to collect information about individualized stigma, disclosure concerns, negative self-image, and public attitudes. The statistical study used descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression, with a significance level of p < 0.05. Overall, 37.7% of individuals reported stigma in hospital settings, 41.5% received negative attitudes from family or friends, and 48.7% felt ashamed or condemned because of their situation. Fear of revelation was widespread, with 65% refusing to declare their status. Stigma had a major impact on mental health (64.3%) and reduced ART access for 39.7% of responders. Younger age (20–39 years), poor income, HIV-positive partners, and disclosure of status were all significant predictors of stigmatization. Discrimination was highly related to occupation, gender, and socioeconomic status. Stigma and discrimination continue to be pervasive in Ikeja, limiting PLWHA access to healthcare and negatively impacting their psychological well-being. To establish a more inclusive and supportive environment, it is necessary to enhance anti-discrimination regulations, train healthcare providers, educate the public, and implement socioeconomic empowerment activities.