The Law of Political Personality Cycles: Biological Lifespan, Generational Succession, and the Rhythm of Historical Transformation

This paper proposes and rigorously defends the Law of Political Personality Cycles (政治人格周期律), a historical-philosophical theory concerning the rhythmic restructuring of political orders in centralized polities. The theory's core proposition holds that in political systems where power is highly concentrated, fundamental political restructuring follows a biological basis rooted in human lifespan, manifesting as 30-year (single-generation maturation) and 60-year (dual-generation memory replacement) periodic rhythms—a regularity transcending geographic, cultural, religious, and economic boundaries.This revised and extended edition (v2.0) substantially expands the original empirical base. The original edition verified the theory across 29 chains, 198 nodes, and a 90.9% node-correspondence rate (±5-year tolerance). This edition adds new civilization groupings—Ottoman Empire, Egypt, Switzerland, Iran, Cuba, South Africa, North Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, modern Mongolia, India (ancient and modern), Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Mexico), and the Africa cluster—bringing the total to 59 verification chains, 450 nodal events, and an aggregate correspondence rate of 89.3%. Of these 450 confirmed nodes, approximately 38% exhibit zero-year deviation (exact match) and approximately 51% fall within ±1 year, demonstrating predictive precision that substantially exceeds what the ±5-year tolerance window alone implies. Chinese historical ruler-layer chains are expanded from 4 to 10, forming an unbroken continuous chain from 259 BCE to the present. A real-time verification is provided by the assassination of Iranian Supreme Leader Khamenei on February 28, 2026 (year 47 of the Islamic Republic), constituting a Boundary Condition IV event at a pre-node moment consistent with the theory's structural predictions.The Dual-Layer Structural Model (ruler cycles × reform-bureaucracy cycles) is preserved intact. Eleven theoretical laws, nine boundary conditions, and eleven new boundary sub-cases are restated with updated paradigmatic cases. Chapter 14 provides a prospective structural analysis of the 2025–2027 global conjuncture.New cases confirm the theory's universality while specific cases—Switzerland (genuine falsification), Thailand coup-cycling (Boundary V), North Korea (dynastic-nuclear Boundary III+VIII compound)—meaningfully test and refine the boundary conditions. The parametric continuum from Ibn Khaldun's 120-year nomadic cycle through the theory's 60-year agrarian cycle to democratic 30-year low-intensity release is now supported with intercontinental evidence from all six inhabited continents.