Bi‐Level Optimisation of Topology and Energy Management for Distributed Coordinated Microgrid Clusters in Port Areas

ABSTRACT High penetration of renewable energy sources in multi‐energy port systems leads to significant challenges in scheduling complexity, making it difficult to manage with a single microgrid. To address this issue, this paper focuses on applying distributed coordinated microgrid clusters to port scenarios, developing a port system architecture composed of multiple regions and microgrids. A bi‐level optimisation scheme for topology and energy management is proposed to achieve efficient energy utilisation within the port microgrid system. The bi‐level optimisation model comprises two layers: the upper‐level topology optimisation aims at minimising construction costs and busbar stress, whereas the lower‐level optimisation targets capacity allocation and energy management to minimise operational and maintenance costs. An improved Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA‐II) is utilised to solve the optimisation problem. Additionally, the model accounts for the uncertainty associated with renewable energy generation. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed optimisation approach satisfies local renewable energy integration requirements and meets port load demands. It exhibits notable advantages in terms of economic efficiency, renewable energy resource requirements, equipment capacity configuration, and hydrogen energy storage lifespan. Moreover, the optimised system maintains high self‐sufficiency under extreme operational scenarios.