Seasonal Variation and Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Groundwater: Implications for Water Quality and Health Risks

Puntos clave

• This study aims to assess the seasonal and spatial distribution of heavy metals in groundwater and their associated health risks.
• Collected groundwater samples from fifty wells during wet and dry seasons.
• Analyzed twelve heavy metals using pollution indices including Nemerow Pollution Index (NPI) and Single-Factor Pollution Index (SFPI).
• Compared water quality across seasons.
• Water quality was primarily excellent (NPI < 0.01), despite contamination in some areas.
• Detected lead, vanadium, and copper above safe levels in certain regions.
• Measured arsenic levels ranged from 0.0008 to 0.0145 μg/L, chromium from 0.0009 to 0.0096 μg/L.

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