Beyond weight loss, cognitive health, and glycemic control: taurine supplementation as a reprogrammer of adipose tissue plasticity, physical performance, metabolic flexibility, neuroinflammaging, and cardiac remodeling in obesity, aging, and diabetes

Obesity, senescence, and diabetes mellitus represent interrelated conditions defined by compromised metabolic adaptability, persistent low-grade inflammation, dysfunction of adipose tissue, and a gradual deterioration in physical, cardiovascular, and cognitive capabilities. Conventional therapeutic approaches have predominantly emphasized weight reduction and glycemic regulation; however, these methodologies frequently neglect to consider the intricate multisystem pathophysiology that underpins the progression of these diseases. This review collates the prevailing experimental and clinical insights illustrating that the additive effects of taurine and exercise foster adipose tissue adaptability, augment mitochondrial functionality, enhance insulin sensitivity, and bolster physical performance as well as metabolic flexibility. Concurrently, taurine and physical exercise intersect at critical cardioprotective mechanisms, encompassing the modulation of apoptotic pathways, the regulation of extracellular matrix remodeling, and the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling, consequently mitigating maladaptive cardiac remodeling linked to obesity, aging, and diabetes mellitus. By synthesizing evidence from metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurophysiological frameworks, this review elucidates taurine supplementation in conjunction with physical exercise as a non-pharmacological intervention that transcends traditional therapeutic targets, thereby providing a multifaceted strategy to enhance systemic health and functional capacity in the context of metabolic and age-related disorders.