Acute responses of inflammatory markers, glucose, and myoglobin in blood following neuromuscular electrical stimulation

A single submaximal NMES-session elicited acute systemic responses characterized by downregulation of key inflammation-related proteins, mild myoglobin elevation and lower glucose levels - changes that mirror patterns observed after moderate exercise. These findings suggest that NMES at well-tolerated submaximal intensities can induce metabolic adaptations and may represent a safe, exercise-mimicking intervention to counteract inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in individuals with limited physical activity.