Vorticity budget analysis of a mesoscale convective vortex during the July 2022 flash flood in Northern Tehran

Mesoscale Convective Vortices (MCVs) are influential mid-tropospheric systems capable of initiating or enhancing deep convection, yet their role in extreme precipitation over complex terrain remains insufficiently understood. This study examines the dynamical processes leading to the formation and intensification of an MCV associated with the 27 July 2022 heavy rainfall and deadly flash flood in northern Tehran. Using ERA5 data, GPM precipitation estimates, infrared satellite imagery, and Doppler radar observations, we document the multiscale evolution of the event and diagnose the vorticity budget throughout the troposphere. A coherent positive vorticity emerged south of the flood site in the late afternoon and migrated northward as convection intensified. Vorticity-budget diagnostics reveal that all four terms, horizontal advection, vertical advection, divergence (stretching), and tilting, made non-negligible contributions to the local vorticity tendency. Horizontal advection dominated the early development of the MCV, producing positive vorticity tendencies of order 10⁻⁸ s⁻² in the 700–600 hPa layer roughly three hours before rainfall onset. Divergence and tilting further amplified cyclonic vorticity below ~ 700 hPa, with tilting peaking near 850 hPa as strong vertical shear strengthened horizontal vorticity conversion. In contrast, vertical advection acted persistently as a compensating term, partially offsetting the low-level vorticity growth. The combined effect of these processes was a vertically coherent vortex column, aligned temporally with radar-observed convective organization. The extreme rainfall resulted from the interaction between a warm, humid monsoonal inflow from lower latitudes and a cooler air mass advected from higher latitudes, which enhanced low-level convergence, mesoscale ascent, and vortex stretching. This dynamically driven coupling between synoptic forcing, mesoscale vorticity generation, and complex topography produced an unexpectedly intense convective system. The findings highlight the importance of MCV-related vorticity processes in triggering high-impact precipitation events in mountainous mid-latitude regions and underscore the need for improved representation of these mechanisms in forecasting systems.