Effectiveness of Nutritional Therapy Versus Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors in Postprandial Glycemia Control in an Indian Subpopulation of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective Crossover Study

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant global health challenge, impacting millions of people worldwide. While many studies focus on HbA1c levels, there remains a need to evaluate glycemic variability and postprandial glucose (PPG) excursions. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess and compare the safety and effectiveness of nutritional therapy and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors in achieving rapid PPG stabilization in an Indian subpopulation of patients with T2DM. Methods: This short-term open-label study included T2DM patients uncontrolled on metformin and sulfonylurea. The study enrolled 60 participants (40 males, 20 females) with a mean age of 54.06 ± 6.04 years, with the majority being 30-60 years of age (85%). All patients were given intermittent medical nutritional therapy (low glycemic index (LGI) diet) and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs; acarbose, voglibose) to manage postprandial glycemia. A rotational design ensured that each group experienced all interventions in varying sequences for a comprehensive analysis of their effects. Glycemic responses were assessed using finger-stick capillary glucose measurements and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to evaluate postprandial and 24-hour glycemic variability. Results: Postprandial mean glucose levels were significantly reduced with all interventions (p<0.05), with the highest reduction observed with acarbose. Between AGIs, the adverse effects were similar between medications. The 24-hour mean glucose levels, mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, and area under the curve for 24-hour glycemic fluctuations were significantly lower with interventions, especially acarbose. Conclusion: We conclude that AGIs and LGI diets effectively reduce postprandial glucose, especially in Indian T2DM patients consuming high-carbohydrate diets with a high glycemic load.