A Multifunctional Electrospun Hemostatic Sponge for Effective Wound Closure and Healing

Uncontrolled hemorrhage following severe trauma necessitates hemostatic agents capable of not only instantaneous clotting but also pro-healing functionality. To bridge this gap, we engineered a dual-release fibrous sponge (ULOCa-T) via an integrated electrospinning-electrospraying strategy. This design synergistically leverages surface-immobilized thrombin for immediate hemostatic activation and sequentially released calcium chloride (CaCl2) from a hygroscopic thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix to amplify the coagulation cascade. In a rat liver injury model, ULOCa-T achieved effective hemostasis within 157 s─a 57% reduction compared to controls─and drastically cut blood loss to 48.16 mg. Beyond its superabsorbent capacity (12× its dry weight), the sponge demonstrated multifaceted bioactivity: it promoted platelet activation, downregulated key pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), and enhanced the expression of regeneration markers (VEGF and CD31), collectively accelerating wound closure. Owing to its straightforward fabrication and ready-to-use nature, ULOCa-T presents a transformative potential for managing trauma and surgical bleeding.