Lipoprotein(a) in Cardiovascular Disease: What Clinicians Need to Know: A Narrative Review

Extensive evidence now confirms Lipoprotein(a) Lp(a) as a causal, independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Elevated Lp(a) levels are detected in approximately 20% of the global population, positioning it as a major contributor to residual cardiovascular risk. Circulating Lp(a) levels are determined predominantly by genetic factors, so they are largely unresponsive to lifestyle modifications or conventional lipid-lowering therapies. Therefore, multiple international guidelines now endorse a one-time, lifetime measurement of Lp(a), as lowering Lp(a) concentrations is expected to have a positive impact on the reduction of cardiovascular risk. Currently, the therapeutic landscape of Lp(a) lowering drugs is rapidly evolving. Some RNA-based therapies (antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)) have been demonstrated to reduce plasma Lp(a) concentrations by up to 98% in early-phase clinical trials. The efficacy and safety of these compounds are currently being evaluated in large-scale cardiovascular outcome trials. The results of these studies will be critical in validating the “Lp(a) hypothesis”: specific reduction of Lp(a) levels can lead to a measurable decrease in cardiovascular events. The purpose of this narrative review is to examine and discuss the available evidence on the role of Lp(a) as a risk factor and pharmacological target to provide a practical tool for decision-making in clinical practice.