Four-dimensional analysis of swallowing based on hyoid bone kinematics using deep learning-based automatic segmentation

Purpose: Swallowing is a complex biomechanical process requiring coordinated action of multiple anatomical structures. Traditional analyses classify swallowing into four functional phases based on bolus transit, but lack precise structural correlations. This study aimed to evaluate swallowing dynamics by redefining phase classification according to hyoid bone kinematics and visualizing coordinated motion of swallowing-related organs using four-dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) and deep learning-based segmentation.