Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) deployed in precision agriculture applications face a fundamental tension between the energy constraints of battery-powered sensor nodes and the high-frequency, long-duration data collection requirements of modern crop monitoring — soil moisture, leaf wetness, microclimate temperature gradients, pest acoustic signatures — that drive actionable irrigation, pesticide, and fertigation decisions. The classical LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) and its variants address this tension through cluster-based topology management that balances the energy burden of data aggregation across nodes, but none of the existing protocols simultaneously addresses heterogeneous node energy profiles, multi-source energy harvesting integration, and adaptive modulation for link quality optimisation. This paper proposes a Hybrid Energy-Aware Clustering (HEAC) protocol that extends the LEACH-SEP framework with three innovations: energy-weighted cluster head election incorporating real-time harvesting power input from solar, RF, and thermoelectric sources; adaptive modulation switching between BPSK and 16-QAM based on the instantaneous SNR estimated from pilot symbols; and a predictive duty-cycling scheme that aligns sensor wake periods with predicted peak irradiance for solar-harvested nodes. Simulation across 100 sensor nodes in a 100m×100m field model over 2,000 rounds demonstrates 31.8% residual network energy after 1,000 rounds versus 18.4% for standard LEACH, a Packet Delivery Ratio of 95.4% versus 87.2%, and network lifetime extension of 68% measured as time to 50% node death. A 20-node testbed deployment in a tomato greenhouse in Coimbatore validates simulation outcomes within 8% deviation.
Building similarity graph...
Analyzing shared references across papers
Loading...
Chiara Bianchi Marco Rossi
Building similarity graph...
Analyzing shared references across papers
Loading...
Chiara Bianchi Marco Rossi (Thu,) studied this question.
www.synapsesocial.com/papers/69d894ec6c1944d70ce05dd0 — DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19453022