Evaluation of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Risk in Liver Transplant Recipients

Background/Objectives: Tuberculosis remains one of the preventable causes of mortality among liver transplant recipients. The prevalence of tuberculosis in solid organ transplant recipients is higher than in the general population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and active tuberculosis after liver transplantation. Methods: This is a retrospective, single-center, case–control study. Adult liver transplant candidates who were evaluated between 1 January 2016 and 31 December 2022 were retrospectively assessed. Patients with pre-transplant tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) results who underwent transplantation were included in this study. Results: A total of 111 liver transplant recipients with available IGRA and/or TST results were included; 70 were men (63.1%) and 41 were women (36.9%), with a mean age of 53.5 ± 11.3 years. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics were evaluated. The most common indication for liver transplantation was viral hepatitis (33.3%), followed by cryptogenic cirrhosis (19.8%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (10.8%). All patients had a Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination scar. Ten patients received grafts from deceased donors, while 101 underwent living-donor liver transplantation. No patient received LTBI treatment before transplantation, whereas LTBI treatment was initiated in four patients after transplantation. None of the patients had a diagnosis of active tuberculosis prior to transplantation. Thoracic computed tomography revealed findings compatible with tuberculosis sequelae in 11 patients (9.9%). During a median follow-up period of 49 27–64 months after transplantation, no cases of active tuberculosis were observed among patients with positive TST and/or IGRA results. Patients were divided into two groups according to their TST and IGRA results. Group 1 consisted of patients with IGRA positivity and/or a TST ≥ 5 mm, while Group 2 included patients with a TST < 5 mm and negative IGRA results. The only statistically significant difference between the groups was the administration of LTBI treatment (p = 0.027); four patients in Group 1 received LTBI therapy. None of these patients were able to continue prophylaxis due to treatment-related adverse effects. Conclusions: Prophylaxis with hepatotoxic agents poses a substantial risk in liver transplant candidates. Since the hepatotoxicity may cause early cessation of LTBI treatment, the risk–benefit ratio of post-transplant LTBI therapy should be carefully assessed. In situations where LTBI treatment is deferred, close clinical monitoring is strongly recommended.