Designing an Integrated SMART Indicator Framework for Urban Green Transitions: Aligning SDGs and ISO 37120 at City Level

Urban areas are pivotal to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), yet sustainability monitoring at the municipal level remains fragmented, difficult to operationalize, and weakly comparable across cities. Although the SDGs provide a comprehensive global agenda and ISO 37120 offers a standardized set of city indicators, municipalities still face practical barriers in translating global targets into actionable, jurisdiction-sensitive, and measurable metrics aligned with local responsibilities and available data. This study addresses this gap by presenting the design of an integrated, target-level urban sustainability assessment framework grounded in SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound) principles and explicitly tailored to municipalities in developed-country contexts. The framework contributes (i) a structured procedure for disaggregating and reallocating SDG targets according to municipal responsibilities, (ii) a six-dimension architecture that consolidates SDG targets and ISO 37120 themes into a coherent, governance-oriented structure (Government and Economic Development; Civic Environment and Climate; Infrastructure and Urban Planning; Health; Urban Living Conditions), and (iii) a SMART-based indicator screening logic that prioritizes feasibility, data availability, and benchmarking potential, thus supporting the green transition in Urban Areas. The framework is empirically examined through validation against sustainability reporting practices of the Porto City Council, quantifying indicator coverage, assessing alignment with municipal mandates, and identifying systematic gaps—particularly in cross-cutting areas such as governance transparency, equity monitoring, and long-term climate adaptation. Overall, the results indicate that the proposed approach strengthens coherence, measurability, and comparability in urban sustainability assessment, supporting evidence-based municipal decision-making, performance benchmarking, and more strategically aligned SDG localization.