The Agro-export Enclaves of Vegetables and Berries in the Mexican Agri-food Sector: Technical–Productive Structure and Global Value Chains

This article examines the integration of Mexican vegetable and berry producers in the global value chains controlled by the leading companies in the technology, agrochemical, and marketing segments. Through a combination of documentary and field analysis, the study describes the production processes, identifying the technical–productive structure and governance models. The findings indicate that integration into the producer segment requires adopting technological packages and industrial organization systems as prerequisites for scaling up, given increasing competitiveness, rising production costs, and stagnating average export prices. It is concluded that the chains maintain an oligopolistic/monopsonistic governance model that allows the leading segments to capture technological, commercial, and financial rents, while deepening dependence, structural inequality, and extraversion as historical features of underdevelopment. This condition is not exclusive to these enclaves, but expresses a modality of capital accumulation in Mexico’s agri-food sector.