Examining Psychometric Properties of the NIH Toolbox Executive Function Battery and Latent Profile Analysis in Non-Clinical Preschoolers in Nigeria

Executive functions (EF) are core neurocognitive processes that support early development. However, most standardized EF measures developed in high-income countries may lack cross-cultural validity in low-income contexts. This study validated the NIH Toolbox EF battery among non-clinical Nigerian preschoolers (N = 317, ages 4-6). Inter-task associations were partially supported, and age-related sensitivity was only significant for cognitive flexibility. Latent profile analysis revealed low and high EF groups, with higher parental education linked to stronger EF scores. Our findings suggest that the NIH Toolbox can differentiate EF profiles and highlight the importance of validating cognitive tools in diverse cultural contexts.