Analysing the impediments in successful seismic retrofitting of vulnerable structures: a case of Delhi, India

Delhi, with a population density of 11,320 persons/km2, faces significant seismic risks as it lies in Zone IV. Alarmingly, one-third of its population resides in substandard housing, necessitating effective seismic retrofitting. This study examines barriers to implementing retrofitting measures through a mixed-methods approach, including a literature review and a survey of 120 stakeholders. Key impediments identified include low awareness, financial constraints, weak regulatory enforcement, and technical challenges in retrofitting older buildings. Socio-economic and administrative hurdles further complicate adoption. To enhance effectiveness, this research recommends public awareness campaigns, stronger regulations, and financial incentives. Addressing these barriers will improve the seismic resilience of vulnerable structures. The study contributes valuable insights for policymakers, engineers, and researchers working on seismic risk reduction and urban planning globally.