IoT Based Crop Monitoring System

Agriculture in India faces significant challenges due to climate variability, inefficient resource utilization, and lack of real-time field monitoring. Traditional methods rely on manual observation, which often results in delayed detection of critical environmental changes affecting crop health. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT) based crop monitoring system designed to provide continuous real-time monitoring of key agricultural parameters. The system integrates soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and gas sensors with an Arduino Nano and NodeMCU for data acquisition and processing. A Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) SIM800A module is utilized to transmit alert messages when any parameter exceeds predefined threshold values, ensuring remote accessibility without dependence on internet connectivity. A 16x2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) provides local visualization of sensor data. The proposed system focuses on simplicity, low cost, and reliability, making it suitable for deployment in rural areas with limited infrastructure. Experimental observations demonstrate that the system accurately monitors environmental conditions and generates timely alerts, enabling improved decision-making and reducing potential crop losses. The solution provides a practical approach toward enhancing agricultural monitoring using IoT technologies in resource-constrained environments.