Advanced Extraction Techniques Using Metal-Organic, Covalent-Organic and Porous-Aromatic Frameworks: Applications in Occupational Biomonitoring and Future Perspectives

Occupational exposure to hazardous agents, particularly chemicals, poses significant health risks. Biological monitoring plays a critical role in assessing workers' internal exposure and supporting effective risk mitigation strategies. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the development and application of solid sorbent materials for biological monitoring, with a specific focus on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous aromatic frameworks (PAFs). Owing to their improved efficiency and selectivity, these materials can enhance the performance of various microextraction techniques. The properties, performance, and applications of these novel sorbents are explored, highlighting their potential for biological monitoring. Finally, future implications of these materials are discussed, including their application in improving occupational biomonitoring techniques, exposure assessment, and ultimately protecting the health of workers.