Solvent‐Dependent Phytochemical Profiling and Multifunctional Bioactivities of Rumex vesicarius L. Leaf Extracts: Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, Cytoprotective, and Antimutagenic Potentials

ABSTRACT Rumex vesicarius L. is traditionally used for various medicinal purposes, but quantitative data on its leaf extract bioactivities remain limited. This study examined the phytochemical composition and in vitro multifunctional activities of 80% methanolic (ME) and 80% ethanolic (EE) leaf extracts of R. vesicarius L. The ME exhibited higher total phenolic (138.14 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoid (93.74 mg QE/g DW) contents than the EE (121.14 mg GAE/g DW and 73.58 mg QE/g DW). LC–MS/MS profiling identified flavonoid glycosides (mainly rutin and quercetin‐3‐glucoside) and phenolic acids as major constituents, showing clear solvent‐dependent differences. Both extracts displayed strong antioxidant activity, with DPPH IC 50 values of 45.29 ± 1.23 μg/mL (ME) and 52.85 ± 1.52 μg/mL (EE), and comparable reducing power in the FRAP assay. Anti‐inflammatory assessment revealed effective 15‐lipoxygenase inhibition, with ME being more potent (IC = 49.19 ± 1.21 μg/mL) than EE (IC 50 = 61.52 ± 1.13 μg/mL). In H 2 O 2 ‐induced HepG2 cells, EE showed superior cytoprotective effects (IC 50 = 16.99 ± 1.10 μg/mL), outperforming silymarin. Both extracts demonstrated significant, concentration‐dependent antimutagenic activity in the Ames test, achieving 93% ± 2.04% inhibition (ME) and 84% ± 2.03% (EE) at 200 μg/mL. Overall, the methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts of R. vesicarius L. are rich in phenolic compounds and exhibit complementary antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antimutagenic bioactivities, supporting their potential as natural therapeutic agents.