AI in Pharmacy: Revolutionizing Drug Discovery, Patient Care, and Beyond

Abstract: Interest in artificial intelligence (AI) in the medical and pharmaceutical sciences has increased dramatically in recent years. AI encompasses techniques such as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, which allow for rapid analysis of big datasets and reliable predictive modelling. This review examines the history and development of AI, distinguishes between human and artificial intelligence, and evaluates current and emerging applications in pharmacy—including community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, predictive toxicology, personalized medicine and ge-nomics, clinical pharmacy, radiopharmaceuticals, drug manufacturing, and research pharmacy, i.e. in silico drug design and discovery, lead screening, target identification, and lead optimization. Furthermore, implications of explainable AI and associated ethical considerations will be thoroughly discussed.