AI-Assisted Preoperative Diagnosis of Wilms Tumor

Preoperative differentiation of Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma on pediatric abdominal computed tomography (CT) images may be challenging because of overlapping imaging features. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence-assisted lesion-localization model for exploratory diagnostic support in this differential setting. In this single-center, retrospective, image-level study, a YOLO26s detector was trained on preoperative contrast-enhanced CT PNG images with histopathology-anchored labels. The dataset comprised 3553 images, including 2103 lesion-positive images and 1450 background-negative images, partitioned into training, validation, and test subsets. On the held-out test set, the model achieved a precision of 0.954, a recall of 0.951, an mAP@0.5 of 0.977, and an mAP@0.5:0.95 of 0.732. Class-specific mAP@0.5:0.95 values were 0.734 for neuroblastoma and 0.730 for Wilms tumor. At the image level, tumor-present versus background-negative discrimination yielded 99.5% sensitivity, 89.0% specificity, a 93.0% positive predictive value, a 99.2% negative predictive value, and 95.3% accuracy. YOLO26s showed strong within-dataset performance for lesion localization and differential support between Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma.