A Comprehensive Review on Different Catalysts used for Synthesis of Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives

Polyhydroquinoline structural scaffolds, N-containing heterocyclic compounds, are of significant interest in both organic chemistry and medicinal biology, notably as the core structure in calcium channel blockers – a crucial class of drugs for treating cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s diseases. In recent years, the development of catalysts for their synthesis has advanced rapidly. Within this field, catalyst recovery and reusability have become central research priorities, driving the exploration of efficient strategies for facile catalyst separation from reaction media. Such methods present a sustainable alternative to traditional separation techniques that are often time-consuming and resource intensive. This review focuses on the synthesis, surface modification, and catalytic applications of nanoparticles and other advanced catalysts in the preparation of polyhydroquinoline derivatives.