Unusual Ossification of Pterygospinous Ligament of Sphenoid Bone with Formation of Pterygospinous (Civinini’s) Foramina and Its Clinical Implications: A Case Series

Various intracranial and extracranial ligaments are related to the sphenoid bone. Among these, the pterygospinous ligament (PTSL) extends from the posterior free border of the lateral pterygoid plate to the spine of the sphenoid bone (SS). Sometimes PTSL shows changes of ossification which can lead compression of structures in upper part of infratemporal fossa as well as formation of additional foramina. In this case series, we described five unique cases that showed partial or complete ossification of PTSL, resulting in the pterygospinous bar formation. All five skulls were observed morphologically and photographs were taken on both sides. Ossification of this ligament leads to the formation of a bony bar in this area. This bony bar if it is fully formed, leads to the formation of additional foramina called as pterygospinous foramina. The structures passing through the foramina ovale may passes through these foramina. In addition, such a bony bar can compress the surrounding nerves and vessels. Anatomical variations documented in the present study are useful to anesthetists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and anthropologists.