Bridging the Intention–Action Gap in E-Bike Adoption: Behavioral Drivers and Infrastructure Priorities in a Saudi Coastal City

Global transition toward sustainable micro-mobility is an essential aspect of Saudi Vision 2030; however, high car dependency remains a significant barrier to public health and safety targets. In this context, this study explores the factors determining the adoption of electric bicycles (e-bikes) in Al-Qunfudhah, Saudi Arabia. The present research used a convenience sampling strategy through an online survey conducted via social media and texting, utilizing a designed questionnaire of 10 sections delivered to 171 participants, alongside a 5-point Likert scale. Additionally, the scientific validation and analysis were conducted utilizing internal consistency, validity and scale reliability via statistical analysis. The findings indicated a significant intention–action disparity; while respondents demonstrate a strong psychological intention to adopt e-bikes within 12 months (an average of 3.51), real household ownership was relatively low at 11.1%. In addition, a significant 71.9% of participants use private vehicles for short-distance travel (<5 km), influenced by an average bus stop distance of 21.22 km. The hierarchy of barriers indicates infrastructure and security as the main barrier, particularly the absence of dedicated bike lanes, and concerns regarding traffic safety. In contrast, a perception of physical fitness, and interpersonal interaction behave as significant facilitators. Public health data reveals an average weekly activity of 109.77 min, significantly lower than worldwide recommendations; however, 66.7% of individuals believe e-bikes may address the difference. The statistical evaluation acknowledged the questionnaire’s robustness, with significant Pearson correlation coefficients (p < 0.01) demonstrating internal consistency validity and Cronbach’s alpha values between 0.71 and 0.88 indicating high scale reliability, demonstrating a scientifically stable framework for assessing the measured behavioral determinants. The research recommends the establishment of shaded, dedicated micro-mobility networks and the enforcement of safety regulations to promote a healthy, multi-modal urban ecosystem.