Integrated Risk Priority Assessment of Engineering and Non-Engineering Factors Influencing Saudi Arabian Construction Projects

Construction projects in Saudi Arabia face multiple risks affecting cost, schedule, and quality performance, particularly under the rapid development environment of Vision 2030. A questionnaire survey of 113 construction professionals assessed the probability and impact of engineering and non-engineering risks. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a normalized probability–impact–priority framework to derive risk priority scores (RPS) and an Overall Risk Index (ORI) across cost, time, and quality dimensions. The findings show that risk exposure is governed by both external systemic constraints and internal project governance capability. Non-engineering risks, especially inflation, statutory clearance delays, and financial transaction restrictions, exert the strongest overall influence. Engineering risks related to resource mismanagement, insufficient managerial capability, and testing and commissioning deficiencies primarily drive operational performance variability. The study proposes a normalized multidimensional risk prioritization approach that integrates cost, time, and quality impacts, providing practical guidance for improving regulatory efficiency and project management capability in Saudi construction projects.