Time to sputum culture conversion, treatment outcomes, and associated factors among rifampicin-resistant or multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in the Sidama region, Ethiopia: A retrospective follow-up study

Background Time to sputum culture conversion is critical for follow-up treatment effectiveness in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. However, the evidence regarding time to culture conversion, treatment outcomes, and the associated factors was sparse and inconsistent. Objective This study aimed to determine the time to culture conversion, treatment outcomes, and associated factors among rifampicin-resistant and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis cases in the Sidama region from April 1 to December 31, 2024. Methods We conducted a retrospective follow-up study of 346 patients who enrolled between January 2013 and June 2024. We collected data from patients’ medical records using a standardized form, entered the data, and analyzed it using Stata 16.1 software. We performed the analysis using the Kaplan-Meier model for time to culture conversion, Weibull distribution gamma frailty, and logistic regression models to assess factors associated with time to culture conversion and treatment outcomes, respectively. We considered an adjusted hazard or odds ratio with a 95% CI and a p-value < 0.05 to determine significance. Results Among the participants, 302 (87.3%) achieved culture conversion in a median time of 76 days (95% CI: 71–79 days). Patients with a history of previous loss to follow-up experienced an approximately fivefold delay in culture conversion (AHR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1–0.6; p = 0.001), while relapse cases had a twofold delay (AHR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2–0.9; p = 0.02) compared with new patients. The treatment success rate was 234/346 (67.6%). Female patients had higher odds of achieving a favorable treatment outcome (AOR = 1.8; 95% CI: 1.0–3.3; p = 0.04), whereas patients who experienced culture reversion had significantly lower odds of a favorable outcome (AOR = 0.05; 95% CI: 0–0.4; p = 0.001). Conclusions The majority of patients experienced culture conversion within three months. However, patients with a history of loss to follow-up and relapse experienced delayed culture conversion. These findings highlight the urgent need to improve patient adherence.