Measuring household affordability for treated wastewater for non-potable purposes

ABSTRACT Graphical abstract showing a map of India highlighting Odisha and West Bengal alongside three colour-coded text panels summarising the context, methodology, and findings of a study on treated wastewater reuse and affordability for non-potable household use in Khurda District (Odisha) and Paschim Medinipur District (West Bengal). This study examines the potential of reusing treated wastewater for non-potable household purposes in Khurda district (Odisha) and Paschim Medinipur (West Bengal), India. As water scarcity intensifies due to population growth and climate change, wastewater reuse emerges as a sustainable solution. The research evaluates household perceptions, willingness to adopt treated wastewater, and its affordability using a modified affordability ratio. Findings show that most households are receptive to using treated wastewater for gardening, vehicle washing, and toilet flushing, though health-related concerns persist. Affordability analysis indicates that 92% of surveyed households record a ratio of ≤0.01, suggesting the financial burden is minimal. To improve acceptance and adoption, key policy measures include phased government subsidies, integration of wastewater pipelines into municipal systems, and targeted awareness campaigns to build public trust. Additionally, incorporating decentralized wastewater treatment within urban water management frameworks can strengthen water security and sustainability. Overall, the study offers valuable insights for equitable water management and provides a practical model for wastewater reuse in water-stressed cities.