The Viewpoints of Military Servicemembers toward Brain-Computer Interfaces: A Scoping Review

Abstract Introduction Brain-computer interface technology offers potential for non-therapeutic military applications, including enhanced decision-making and human–machine teaming. While ethical implications are frequently debated, empirical research regarding the viewpoints of servicemembers—the end-users facing unique operational risks—is largely missing. This scoping review aims to map the current state of the literature on empirically gathered viewpoints of military personnel toward non-therapeutic BCIs. Methods Three databases (EMBASE, PubMed, and SCOPUS) were searched for articles published in English through October 2025. Supplemental strategies included backward citation tracking and targeted grey literature searches. Eligibility criteria required empirical studies (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods) evaluating military servicemember attitudes toward brain-computer interfaces. Two investigators independently performed screening. Results Only two relevant sources were identified, highlighting a significant data gap. One survey study of 332 international officers found consensus on the need for pre-surgical transparency regarding post-service implant retention. A qualitative study of 13 special forces operators emphasized concerns regarding command pressure, data security, and the absolute necessity of guaranteed long-term, post-service maintenance. Conclusion There is a near-total absence of empirical data on servicemember perspectives toward military BCIs. The limited evidence reveals foundational concerns regarding trust, accountability, and post-service care. Neglecting end-user viewpoints risks creating ethically misaligned systems. We provide several recommendations for next steps.