Hydroponics, Vertical Farming and Carbon Footprint Dynamics: Pathways toward Climate-Resilient Food Systems

Rapid urbanization, climate instability, shrinking arable land, and increasing food demand are intensifying pressure on global agricultural systems. Conventional farming methods, while foundational to food production, contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions, water depletion, soil degradation, and biodiversity loss. In response, smart farming technologies, hydroponics, and vertical agriculture have emerged as controlled-environment production systems that promise land-use efficiency, water conservation, and localized supply chains. However, the environmental sustainability of these systems remains contested due to high electricity demand and embodied carbon emissions. This review critically examines the carbon footprint implications of hydroponic vertical farming compared with conventional open-field and greenhouse systems. It elaborates on greenhouse gas accounting methodologies, life cycle assessment techniques, energy-based emission modeling, and emerging sensor-based carbon monitoring systems. This review suggest that hydroponic vertical farming can significantly contribute to urban food resilience and environmental sustainability when supported by renewable energy transitions and technological efficiency improvements. Rather than replacing conventional agriculture, it functions most effectively as a complementary climate-smart production system.