Aerosol Injections Into the Stratosphere by Volcanic Eruptions Over 225 Years

In this work, we present a list of volcanic eruptions, which products probably injected into the stratosphere from 1800 to 2024. Tropopause height data were used to determine the penetration of volcanic products into the stratosphere from eruptions from 1979 that have a plume altitude characteristic. In compiling the list of eruptions from 1800 to 1978, we used eruptions with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) ≥ 4, which are most likely to inject a plume into the stratosphere. We show that over the past 25 years the number of eruptions with VEI 4 has almost doubled, while the number of eruptions with VEI 5–6 has decreased. The probability of a plume entering the stratosphere for eruptions with VEI 3 increases in middle and high latitudes due to the lower tropopause height. The volcanic load on the stratosphere in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere exceeds that of the Southern Hemisphere. Large eruptions of tropical volcanoes make the greatest contribution to the total aerosol load of the stratosphere. We have provided a map of volcanic eruptions with the possible injection of aerosols into the stratosphere from 1800 to 2024. The highest frequency of eruptions with plumes entering the stratosphere is observed in the regions of Kamchatka, Indonesia and the Aleutian Islands; among the volcanoes, the most frequent are Bezymianny, Bogoslof and Sheveluch. Volcanoes with eruptions with VEI 6–7 (Tambora, Krakatau, Santa Maria, Novarupta, Pinatubo) had only one eruption reaching the stratosphere over the past 225 years.