Continuous Dynamic Equilibrium Motion Mechanism of Extranuclear Electrons (Upgraded Version)

The interior of an atom is an ultra-high vacuum environment without medium, resistance, or energy dissipation. The long-term stability of extranuclear electrons relies on the continuous, real-time, and synchronous dynamic equilibrium between the Coulomb electrostatic attraction from the atomic nucleus and the electromagnetic repulsion generated by the high-speed motion of electrons. This paper clearly demonstrates that, due to its mass and inertia, an electron cannot follow an ideal circular orbit, nor can it move in a fixed-plane elliptical orbit as in astrophysics. Instead, the electron continuously changes its motion inclination in three-dimensional space, exhibiting a 360° omnidirectional three-dimensional circumferential motion with no fixed plane and multi-angle deflection. The long-term trajectory coverage forms the macroscopic illusion of an “electron cloud”, which is essentially not a probabilistic random distribution but a superposition of deterministic continuous motion trajectories. Meanwhile, electron energy level transition is a fully continuous orbital change along a curved path, without instantaneous jumping or teleportation. This theory restores the real, predictable, and continuous mechanical nature of microscopic particles.