Medical Assistance in Dying for the Sole Underlying Condition of Mental Disorder (MAiD MD-SUMC): an analysis and qualitative evidence synthesis

Objectives To synthesise existing qualitative and conceptual literature on the implementation, ethical considerations and policy implications of Medical Assistance in Dying for Mental Disorder as a Sole Underlying Medical Condition (MAiD MD-SUMC) in Canada and internationally. Design A qualitative evidence synthesis using a thematic analysis approach. Empirical, conceptual and policy papers addressing MAiD for mental disorders were identified through major databases and grey literature. Studies were thematically analysed to identify recurring ethical, clinical and policy themes related to eligibility, assessment and implementation. Data sources Data was extracted from a systematic search of Medline and Embase for peer-reviewed studies published from 1974 onwards, supplemented by relevant policy documents and legal cases. Eligibility criteria Studies were included if they examined MAiD MD-SUMC and explored ethical, legal or clinical considerations or provided stakeholder perspectives. Exclusion criteria included studies focusing solely on non-psychiatric conditions or not published in English. Data extraction and synthesis Two independent reviewers screened, extracted and analysed data using an iterative thematic synthesis approach. Key themes were identified through consensus discussions. Results The synthesis identified four major themes: (1) Irremediability and treatment resistance—persistent uncertainty regarding when mental disorders can be considered irremediable. (2) Capacity and vulnerability—ongoing debate about assessing capacity amid fluctuating symptoms and social influences. (3) Ethical and policy considerations—divergent interpretations of autonomy, justice and safeguards highlighting the need for standardised criteria. (4) Public and professional perspectives—public and family support for inclusion, although clinician hesitancy exists. Conclusions The evidence supports a thoughtful, structured approach to potential implementation of MAiD MD-SUMC in Canada. Future priorities include refining criteria for irremediability, standardising capacity assessments, addressing disorder-specific complexities and strengthening mental health infrastructure. Continued research, engagement and transparent policy dialogue will be essential to ensure that any expansion of MAiD upholds ethical integrity, protects vulnerable persons and maintains public trust.